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This article explains the word concept. Concepts which are used as tools in thinking and communication.
Concept
Concepts which are used as tools in thinking and communication are nothing but verbal symbols with rich meaning. Concept stands for some object of value. Each concept has its own meaning and stands distinctly for some object or value. Concept is nothing but word. For example tree, man, honesty, beauty. These concepts depend upon our attitudes.
An important element in the process of thinking is formation of concepts. We not only retain mental pictures of objects and experiences but on their basis form general ideas denoting classes of objects. These general ideas are called concepts. For example after seeing a number of people like beggars, policemen, father, brother, uncle, a child is able to say that they are all men................Read
What is a concept? CLICK HERE
This article explains the word consciousness the most important puzzling and abused problems. And explains the states of awareness.
Consciousness
The idea of consciousness stands out above as wants most important puzzling and most abused problems. It is difficult if not impossible with out present knowledge to define clearly what is meant by conscious experience. We talk about the function of consciousness in order to make the subject of consciousness scientifically manageble.
Once we become interested in exploring the facts of consciousness, our attention is directed to different states of awareness.
States of awareness
The normal waking consciousness in which we can report accurately what is happening in the environment above us is but one of several states of waking awareness. Other states are
Fatique and exhaustion
Deleriance
Ecstacy
Fatigue and exhaustion
Hard muscular exertion produce a number of readily recognizable physiological changes accompanied by subjective experience of tiredness, pain and desire to rest or sleep. The ability to continue at work is reduced and the quality of work suffers. If the fatique process has not gone too far recovery is rapid and with the rest of the work can be reserved with satisfactory performance. More profound changes takes place if exertion leads to exhaustion. Quite a few experiments have been concerned with............Read
What is consciousness? CLICK HERE
This article explains the advantages and uses of testing intelligence,and explains few tests
Intelligent tests
Testing of intelligence is an important aspect in psychology. There are several tests which are used to measure intelligence. The prominent among them are :
1. Individual test
2. Group test
3. Verbal test
4. Non - verbal test
5. Performance test
6. Speed test
7. Power test
Individual test
As the name indicates this test can be given to only one individual at a time. If there are more than one person, we need as many examiners as there are candidates. The instructions have to be given individually naturally it consumes a lot of time to test the individuals. However there are many advantages in this test. There is no scope for prompting and copying. These is a direct contact between the examiner and the subject.This helps in clearing the doubt of the subject quickly. Since it's an individual test, the result that we obtain are highly reliable.
However the individual test cannot be used at times of emergency when a large number of people have to be tested. It involves a large number of people who have to act as examiners and also it consumes lot of time, energy and money. An example for this test is Binets Simon test.
Group test
Group test of intelligence is so named because it can be given to a large number of people at the same time. The group test was 1st constructed during the world war periods in America to test the intelligence of people who had to join army. There are two group tests called army alpha and army beta. Army alpha is a verbal group test and army beta is a performance group test.
A group test has many advantages
It can be given to a number of people at the same time
We need only a few people to administer the test
The instructions are simple and common to all
It saves a lot of energy and money
However it has some defects too. There is a lot of scope for copying and prompting. Since there is no face to face contact between the examiner and the subject, if the subject has any doubt it cannot be clarified easily.
Verbal test
This test makes use of language. Hence the individual who is taking the test must have mastery over the language in which the test is contructed. It includes items like vocabulary verbal anology general information etc. Obviously this test cannot be given to very young children, illeterates, foreigners and deaf mute ( cannot speak) children.
Non - verbal test
In this test there is no usage of language. The items included in the test are pictures completion, pictures arrangements etc. This test can be given to all people of all ages.
Performance test
In this test a person has to perform a task using some items or materials. Here a person must have a good co - ordination between eye and hand. A performance test can be given to illiterates, foreigners, young children and deaf and mute. An example for this test in Alexanders Battery of performance test.
....................Read
Testing of intelligence in human beings CLICK HERE
This article explains the factors of intelligence
Factors of intelligence
All those factors which influence intelligence can be classified into two broad categories namely
Bio - chemical
Socio - cultural
Bio - chemical factors
Heredity : It is found from studies that the disturbance of bio -chemical balance of the body may lead to various disorders of intelligence. It is found that a defective gene may produce a rare condition known as phenyl pyruvic oligophrenia a type of feeble- mindedness.
Anoxia : Severe deprivation of oxygen is known as anoxia. Thus condition impact judgement, perception and intelligence. The same condition at the time of birth may have serious impact on later behaviour.
Food and nutrition : According to a study conducted on children, the improved nutrition during the first 4 years of life contribute to marked improvement in intelligent quotient level.
Vitamins : Thiamin, one of the b- complex vitamins is found to have a close relationship with the development of intelligence. It is also believed that glutanic acid may speed up mental growth.
Endocrine gland : Several hormones have a great impact on intelligence. If the thyroid gland is under active during childhood, it leads to a condition called cretinism. A cretinism is not only a dwarf but also intellectually sub - normal. The same condition at adulthood is called myxodema
Socio - cultural factors.................Read
Intelligence
The term intelligence in the case of human being has been usually connected with intellectual cognitive abilities. The term intelligence is often used in the same sense as wisdom. Intelligence is a term commonly used and yet rather difficult to be defined is a precise and generally accepted form.
The most general definition of intelligence was given by munn. According to him intelligence is '' versatility of adjustment.'' This definition can be applied at all level of evolution. Versatility at lower levels is indicated by the speed with which learning occurs. At more higher levels, it has developed the place where problems of greater complesity can be learnt.
David Wechsler defines intelligence as ''aggregate on global capacity of an individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment.
Testing intelligence
Testing intelligence is an important factor especially nowadays because admissions to professional courses and selection of people for employment are done on the basis of intelligence tests.
At the beginning of the present century the school authorities in paris wanted to take some measures to spot out those students who could not do well in their studies. Alfred binet was commissioned by the French government to find out the causes of the poor performance of the students. Binet with the help of another psychologist by name Simon constructed the intelligence tests.
Mental age ( M.A )
The contribution of Binet lies not in the construction of intelligence test but he gave a quantitative term for testing intelligence. He developed the concept of mental age. Mental age is nothing but a score obtained by an individual on the basis of his performance on the intelligence tests. It is a score which can be expressed in terms of the age groups to which an individual psychological function belongs.
Intelligence quotient ( I.Q )
Binets terminology was improved by William stern. He pointed out that the intelligence of an individual could be expressed as a ratio between the mental age and the actual age which is called chronological age. The mental age is divided by Chronological age and the quotient is multiplied by 100 to avoid decimals. This is known as intelligent quotient. Formula for working out intelligent quotient is
I.Q = M.A / C.A x 100 where I.Q is equal to intelligence quotient.
M.A is mental age, C.A is chronological age...........read
Intelligence of a human being CLICK HERE
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Thought and language
According to watson thinking is said to be restained speech sub vocal thinking or implicit language activity. If we just analyze our every where thinking, we find words everywhere because we are talking to ourself. This is more evident in children's thinking. They often do their thinking aloud as they grow older. They learn that their thought should be kept within and they think sub vocally. But other psychologist defined that deaf people who cannot use language are............read
Thought and language in human beings CLICK HERE
